Definition
About half of all men will develop symptoms of prostatitis at some point in their lives. In 1995, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) created a classification system for prostatitis:
a.    Acute bacterial prostatitis
b.    Chronic bacterial prostatitis
c.    Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
i. Inflammatory prostatitis (leukocytes in expressed prostatic secretions or voided bladder urine-3)
ii. Noninflammatory prostatitis (no leukocytes)
d.    Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis
Infectious causes of prostatitis include those organisms that cause cystitis (e.g., E. coli) and those that cause sexually transmitted infection (e.g., C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae).

Symptoms
The symptoms of prostatitis can be classified into two groups:
• Irritative
- Dysuria
- Frequency
- Urgency
• Obstructive
- Hesitance
- Dribbling
- Weak stream
- Nocturia
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Regardless of the circumstances of testing, whether the person asked for the test or the physician did, the person being tested should give informed consent. Informed consent means that the person must understand the limitations, benefits, and risks of the test, and must agree to have the test. If the person cannot understand or agree to sign the consent form, the decision about testing should be made by a representative of that person. Informed consent is recommended by the American Medical Association, the American College of Physicians, and virtually all other authoritative groups. In many states, informed consent is a legal requirement.
Exceptions are few: Persons donating blood, sperm, corneas, organs, or other tissue or body fluids must be tested. In these cases, the test is done to protect the recipient, and informed consent is not required. In extreme conditions when someone has been the source of exposure to a health care worker or has raped someone, and refuses to take the test, the test can be obtained without consent in some states or through a court order in others. Members of the military and the foreign service are also tested without consent.
The method of obtaining informed consent is highly variable in different places. Most places will have a standard consent form, along with a trained professional either to explain the test or to answer questions.
The information that is often included in the informed consent process includes the following: what positive, negative, and indeterminant test results mean; how accurate the test results are; how the person’s confidentiality is maintained; and what resources are available for people who test positive. All this information is provided elsewhere in this chapter or in “Resources,” which precedes this chapter.
In addition to being presented with this information, the person to be tested is usually offered the opportunity to ask questions, and the signed consent will often include a statement such as, “All questions regarding the test have been answered to my satisfaction.”
The following is a list of questions that are often not included in informed consent forms. If they are not, the person being tested may want to ask them:
Who will pay for the test, and how much does it cost?
Will results be communicated to family members, partners, public health officials, insurance companies, and so forth?
Are test results confidential or anonymous?
Where can an anonymous test be obtained?
How will the results be provided: in person? by telephone? by mail?
In the event of a positive test, what services are provided in terms of counseling, psychological support, and health care?
Testing carries an inherent responsibility for the medical and psychological care of people who test positive. The person tested should know in advance what resources will be provided for this type of care and support.
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Bimla Vati was suffering from many troubles and used to call in the dispensary off and on. She would be relieved of one trouble and then complain of another trouble. The ailments were, however, repetitive. One day she told that she was much bothered due to same thoughts circulating in her mind again and again. There wa? a constant chattering in her mind which was never at peace, and despite her best efforts she was unable to dislodge any impression from her mind. A couple of days ago she had witnessed a child over-run by a scooter. That scene is still fresh in her mind and she cannot get rid of it.
“White Chestnut” alone (to the exclusion of other homoeopathic medicines that were given to her previously for various troubles) was given T.D. S for one week. There was appreciable relief in all her troubles, including “constant chattering in brain”.
The remedy was continued for 8 weeks when she felt relieved of all troubles.
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If your child believes in the mythology, he can handicap himself. If he allows himself to be overprotected, if he believes he can’t do things because of his seizures, then he will be unable to reach his full potential. Just as you must allow him to take risks, so he must be willing to try new things. It requires self-esteem, courage, and determination to venture into the unknown, to stay at another child’s house when it’s possible he could have another seizure, to go to the school dance when he might be embarrassed, to apply for a job when a seizure could occur and someone might find out that he has epilepsy. Once handicapped by fear of seizures or by overprotection, it becomes difficult to break free and lead a normal life. It is far easier to prevent a handicap than to overcome it.
Helping your child to be normal will require a partnership between you and your physician. This book will help you do this. For example: your physician will do tests and may propose medication. But do not allow your physician to make all the decisions. Your doctor should be familiar with epilepsy, with the choice of medications for controlling seizures, and with their side effects. He should be willing to discuss with you the risks and benefits of each medication and of each test. Emphasize that it is your job, as the parent, to be a partner in the management—to be an informed consumer. You should ask: “Why is this test being done?” “What are its risks?” “What are the risks and benefits of treatment?” As an informed parent, you will be your child’s best advocate if you understand seizures and their treatment. You must understand what epilepsy is and what it is not. You must understand what is mythology and what is fact.
*5\208\8*

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As we’ve said, the thoughts of using drugs come first; the actual drug-using then follows.
Use just one drug, take just one drink and it will all come back. Just one small pill or sniff or fix and it will activate the irrational thinking that leads inevitably back to using drugs or drinking. Once again it starts gnawing in the back of your mind. The emotional disorder will come right back into your head, and the crazy thinking will start up again.
And it won’t stop there. You will relapse back into the illness’s active phase and maybe suffer for years. You cannot count on being able to stop again. Any longstanding NA or AA member can tell tales of an addict or an alcoholic who had a relapse and whose funeral they attended. You may well have another drink or drug in you, but you may not have another recovery.
It doesn’t matter how long you’ve been clean and sober. The illness is lying dormant within you and it can be activated after twenty years of sober, clean living by just one more fix or joint or drink.
Alas, you don’t start again at the beginning of your drug-using or drinking. Many times it starts from the point at which you left off. It may even be worse after that length of time, as if while it lay dormant it progressed.
‘At one point during my using, before I knew about NA, I managed to put down heroin and I stayed off it,’ recalls William, a recovering addict who has now been in NA for three years. T wasn’t clean. I was smoking dope, doing coke at parties, and drinking, so it was inevitable that I was going to go back and use heroin again. And when I did start again, it was as if time had telescoped, as if it was only twenty-four hours since I last used. I was straight back where I had been.’
You don’t have to take what we say on trust. You can see for yourself by staying clean in NA or AA and watching others. They will demonstrate the truth of this for you. You will see what happens when they relapse. They do not come back to NA boasting of the good time they had. If they manage to make it back, they will tell tales of how this time it was worse than ever.
If you don’t quite believe this, and you want to test it out here and now, ask around NAs at the next meeting till you find somebody who has had a relapse. They will tell you what happened.
Luckily, you don’t have to learn this sad truth by personal experience. You can let others demonstrate it for you, and you can learn from their experience.
They are living proof of the dangers of relapse. Once you have seen it demonstrated in front of your eyes, you will know why you must put effort not just into stopping but into staying stopped.

*92\116\2*

Management

Fever in itself is rarely harmful. A high temperature may make the child feel uncomfortable — the child may experience chills or shivering when the temperature is rising, and may perspire when it is falling. Sometimes the child may become mildly dehydrated if his fluid intake is not enough to replace the increased loss due to the fever. Very occasionally convulsions may be associated with a fever, but although these can be frightening for parents, they rarely have any long-term consequences.

Generally children handle fever well. A fever may come on slowly, and rise over a few days, or else it may rise very quickly. The height of a fever, and how quickly it comes on, are usually not indicators of the severity of the illness. A fever will run its course whether or not it is treated. The fever is one of the ways the body has of fighting infection, and the temperature will return to normal when the infection or other cause of the fever has completely gone.

The fever should only be treated if you feel it is making the child uncomfortable and irritable. An elevated temperature does not always need to be treated. Remember, however, that in children under the age of 12 months fever may be an indication of a more significant illness, and you should seek medical advice.

Here are some ways that a child with a fever can be made more comfortable:

1. Dress the child in light clothing.

2. Give the child small quantities of clear fluids such as water, weak tea, or diluted soda water or lemonade to drink at frequent intervals. (Do not give the child lemonade if he has gastroenteritis and has diarrhoea — in this case it must be diluted. Do not worry if he is not very hungry. The most important thing is to make sure that the fluid intake is adequate in order to avoid dehydration.

3. Give paracetamol in the correct and recommended dose – this can be given every 3-4 hours if necessary. Avoid giving aspirin to young children.

Cooling measures such as cool baths, sponging, use of fans, etc. should be avoided. They do not help reduce the fever, and may actually make the child more uncomfortable.

When to see your doctor Seek medical attention if your child:

• looks sicker than previously;

• has difficulty breathing;

• becomes drowsy;

• refuses to drink;

• complains of a stiff neck, persistent headache or light hurting the eyes;

• vomits persistently;

• does not improve in 48 hours;

• if you are worried for any other reason.

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